Date: Mon, 18 Apr 2005 04:18:33 GMT


Dr. Jürgen Keltsch

                  Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior
                           Munich, August 4, 1999
                            What is Scientology?

                      The Making of the Human Machine
                   in the Cybernetic Learning Laboratory

    Table of contents

      1. The governmental evaluation of the Scientology organization in
         Germany
      2. The behavioral foundations of Hubbard's social techniques
      3. The cybernetic foundations of Hubbard's technology theory
      4. Engineering-cybernetics administration theory

           a. Third Dynamic Technology
           b. The engineering-cybernetics theory of control technology
           c. Drilling the functionaries, learning the new language
           d. Unlearning feelings
           e. Relentless pressure to perform by constant measuring
              of the productivity of the "human machine" and its
              "aggregates"
           f. Potential for survival of the "human machine" and
              its "aggregates"
           g. "Production" pressure by application of "ethics"

      5. Scientology, the total cybernetic power of psychological
         diagnosis

           a. Dianometry
           b. On the way to a society of tests
           c. Insufficient personal defense against the "testing
              powers"

      6. From the manufacturing of the "human machine" to a cybernetic
         dictatorship

           a. Auditing: playing with puppets
           b. The expansion plans and implementation according to
              a strategic game

      7. Techno-totalitarianism, a threat to the democratic values
         system in the 21st Century

    Diagram of the techniques used by Scientology for behavioral
    control and steering ("Technology") and their interaction

    Bibliography

        1. The governmental evaluation of the Scientology
           organization in Germany

           The "Church of Scientology," which was founded in
           1953 in the USA by the science fiction author
           Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (1911-1986), is an
           international organization headquartered in the USA.
           It sells personality growth as well as organization
           and management technology worldwide. It has adopted
           the organization and marketing form of a commercial
           educational company in the market for advanced
           training, but runs itself as a so-called new
           religion. Its activities have come into conflict with
           democratic societies around the world and continue to
           do so. After an in-depth examination, an
           Investigative Commission titled "So-called Sects and
           Psycho-Groups" set up by the German Bundestag
           (Parliament) described the organization in its final
           report as an anti-constitutional movement with a
           criminogenic structure. This evaluation is in
           agreement with that of the German forces of order.
           Behind the cloak of a new religion, this organization
           described as a psycho-group and not as a religious
           community by the Investigative Commission was able
           to skillfully hide its salient structural traits
           until recently, namely organization and logistics of
           a commercial corporation; expansionist strategies of
           an aggressively functioning structural distribution
           system (marketing of franchises by forming chains of
           subsidiary companies, hard-selling of human
           leadership and change in the form of social
           engineering. In other words, ruthless of
           psychological and social techniques borrowed from
           behavioral psychology in order to recruit workers,
           customers and members; use of totalitarian
           organization techniques to thoroughly discipline and
           intrumentalize its workers by constant control in
           terms of time and space.

        2. The behavioral foundations of Hubbard's social techniques

           In a special chapter in the final report of the
           Investigative Commission, the Scientology
           organization as a commercial provider of services
           on the psychology market was classified under the
           heading "Mind Machines and New Learning."
           Characteristic of this new type of service sector is
           an attempt to permanently modify a person's outer and
           inner behavior in a learning laboratory using
           techniques drawn from behavioral psychology, i.e., by
           programmed learning and conditioning.

           This environmentally-oriented area of psychology and
           pedagogy is known as behaviorism. Researchers in the
           field of learning with a behaviorist focus (Watson,
           Pavlov, Skinner) have tried since the beginning of
           the 20th century to formulate generalized laws about
           learning by carrying out experiments on animals and
           people in a learning laboratory. From this they
           developed training programs (instructional
           technology) that could modify human behavior. This
           procedure of human technology, which involves
           organisms' ability to be impacted by reacting to
           certain stimuli and then modifying their behavior,
           i.e. learning, is called conditioning when new
           behavioral patterns are embedded in such a manner,
           that they can be called forth by giving a key signal.
           Teaching this type of stimulus-response scheme is
           performed using a complex system of reward and
           punishment the so-called feedback system  and
           other methods of behavioral modification. The
           feedback system functions on the principle of
           reconnecting or looping back data on a system's
           behavior such as the human organism into the
           system so that it will thereafter influence the
           system.

           Even human cognitive abilities can be influenced by
           conditioning (cognitive behaviorism). These learning
           techniques in many cases are reminiscent of
           conditioning. In spite of their remarkable successes,
           these technological instructional procedures soon
           drew criticism, since they were not only used to
           benefit people but also to harm them (e.g. causing
           so-called experimental neuroses such as a cat phobia
           in a child in an experiment conducted by Watson.)

           Furthermore, the experiments performed in behavioral
           psychology also revealed that the strategy of
           modifying behavior could also be used to alter the
           will and convictions of a person according to the
           will of the person conducting the experiments by
           means of a systematic control of information and
           communication, and that using a paradoxical language
           (e.g. "pain is pleasure") could even give rise to
           mental problems.

           Whenever such procedures are purposely used to
           manipulate and harm a person (see "Newspeak" in
           Orwell's 1984), the science of psychology looses its
           quality as a therapeutic and pedagogical means of
           assistance and becomes nothing more than an insidious
           weapon. The most spectacular instance of the
           effectiveness of the behavioral methods is when the
           political or philosophical convictions of a prisoner
           are altered to suit the program of a torturer
           applying torture that leaves no physical traces on
           the body (so-called psycho-torture). This is how
           American POWs in the Korean War were "converted" to
           Communist ideology, and how Stalin's supporters who
           had fallen from grace were made to publicly confess
           their enmity towards the state  which was
           non-existent in reality  and to declare their guilt.

           But even people who are not being coerced can be
           subjected to methods borrowed from behavioral
           psychology and have their will sapped or even their
           personality destroyed. This was demonstrated by the
           campaign against dissidence waged by the Stasi (the
           former East German secret police), who used a
           scientific program developed by behavioral
           psychologists to "disintegrate the psyche." The
           victims of these methods of psychological torture
           suffer of the consequences to this day. It has been
           proven that Scientology uses similar procedures
           ("techniques") on the one hand to make individuals
           pliable and to discipline its members, and on the
           other hand to attack its critics, who are seen as
           enemies, in order to silence them and obstruct them
           in their activities against the organization. The
           damage caused by such methods which is being
           investigated by human and social scientists under the
           heading of "mobbing" has already made itself felt
           in the world of business. What is particularly
           worrisome, as it is incompatible with the democratic
           world order, is the fact that management trainers who
           believe in a Darwinistic corporate and social
           philosophy teach these methods to their customers in
           courses in order to turn them into "battle managers"
           ready for the "business war."

           If a candidate is not informed as to he main or side
           effects of strategies that modify behavior, or, as is
           the case with Scientology, purposely deceived about
           those effects, he or she will as a rule find it hard
           to differentiate between normal instructional
           techniques and "forced instruction" or brainwashing.
           It is especially reprehensible when repressive
           techniques are purposely applied by the user to cause
           harm or accept harm as an outcome, and are disguised
           as "healing measures."

           After gathering the necessary evidence, the
           Investigative Commission determined that members of
           Scientology's elite Sea Org unit who had make mistakes
           are pressured into reeducation using classic
           brainwashing techniques in so-called reeducation
           camps known as the "Rehabilitation Project Force"
           (RPF). Hubbard's definition of "brainwashing" in the
           management dictionary he himself compiled reveal that
           he had excellent knowledge of the psychological
           application of brainwashing techniques. He understood
           Pavlovian conditioning procedures in terms of
           brainwashing and described how Pavlov was able to
           generate psychoses in experiments with animals using
           his conditioning technology. In a lecture held in
           1951, Hubbard discussed how he could make people sick
           using his techniques He called these methods "Black
           Dianetics." Human scientists have long been perfectly
           aware that conditioning and dressage neuroses and
           psychoses can be brought about by conditioning.

        3. The cybernetic foundation of Hubbard's technology theory

           The similar set of laws governing control, regulation
           and data transmission in both living organisms and
           machines (computers, robots) that the mathematician
           Norbert Wiener discovered at the end of the 1940s led
           to the rise of a new paradigm that converged the
           natural sciences and philosophy and led to the
           creation of the new umbrella scientific systems
           theory and cybernetics (the art of steering).
           Learning science based on biology was given new
           impetus. Attention was once again paid to the
           materialistic image of the human being dating back to
           the Enlightenment, "l'homme machine." (Artificial)
           intelligence and (artificial) life could be
           mechanically simulated using computers and automated
           robots. Intellectual and psychological processes were
           seen as functional features of a cybernetic system
           (cognitivism) according to the new science. Some
           scientists believe that this proves that the human
           brain is nothing more than a machine, a kind of
           electronic data processor.

           The technological theory to modify humans described
           by Hubbard in his basic opus "Dianetics" (1950) is
           not only connected to cognitive behaviorism but also
           directly to the communication and steering techniques
           of cybernetics. This is evidenced by the following
           points: Hubbard's concept of the human brain/mind as
           a data processing machine (cf. "Dianetics, the
           Evolution of a Science," 1959, 1972), his
           self-proclaimed qualification as an "engineer," the
           engineering jargon he used, recalling a machine code,
           the redefinition of human mental and social abilities
           using hundreds of special function terms borrowed
           from engineering, the recommendation that engineers
           be used as so-called "auditors" for the reprogramming
           of the human brain/mind, the psychometric measurement
           and evaluation methodology (cf. Management Series,
           Vol. 1-3), the use of feedback processes when
           applying a lie detector ("Electrometer" or "E-meter"
           for short), the belief in the "programmability" and
           "produceability" of the New Person in a learning
           laboratory ("valuable final product"). Hubbard also
           defined the use of his technology as the application
           of natural educational principles ("The logics of
           Dianetics are the science of education. These are the
           axioms of education." Management Lexicon, Axioms of
           Education).

           Even the methods of Dianetics and Scientology
           ("technology"), which seem incomprehensible at first
           glance, can be given a plausible explanation using
           the cybernetic paradigm. The "human machine" is
           subjected to numerous learning drills ("trainings")
           involving excruciating procedures often lasting hours
           and thereby conditioned like a re-programmable robot
           to allegedly act with what Hubbard considered greater
           precision in and with the outer world, i.e.,
           programmed ("Objective Process"). The candidate
           ("Preclear" or "PC") is also taught to obey all the
           commands of the trainer blindly, in other words, to
           act like a puppet. When the candidate has finally
           learnt this stimulus-response obedience, he or she is
           then examined internally for malfunctions by the
           application of excessive inquisitive questioning
           ("auditing"). Auditing, too, is linked to cybernetic
           theory. Ignoring inherited traits, Hubbard assumed
           that all psychological  and physical  dysfunctions
           were caused by "incorrect programming," namely in the
           storing of painful experiences by the recording of
           data ("engram") in the brain/mind ("reactive mind"),
           which is depicted as a database.

           An attempt is made to identify the possible
           "incorrect programming" in the memory by connecting
           the candidate to an E-meter during the examination,
           and then running through a set of standardized
           questions and playing a cleverly devised
           question-and-answer game along the so-called "time
           track." Suggestions for the presence of an "engram"
           is a jump in the needle of the E-meter. The candidate
           must then mentally relive the painful experience over
           and over again until the E-meter no longer registers
           and impulse ("null needle"). This method is
           reminiscent of deconditioning exercises through
           abreacting used in behavioral therapies. According to
           Hubbard's therapeutic theories, this will erase the
           engram which will then cease to have a deleterious
           effect on the person thus treated. Hubbard never
           provided proof that the health of the candidate would
           not be affected by the electrical (body) charge
           registered by the E-meter when the candidate recalled
           the painful events, or for that matter by the mental
           picture itself. The improvement in how the candidate
           feels after "discharging" the engram cannot be taken
           as evidence, since suggestion or a placebo effect
           could also bring about this state. When all engrams
           are erased, the so-called reactive mind is considered
           erased. This state is defined as "clear." Long before
           Hubbard revived the idea of penetrating consciousness
           and influencing it therapeutically using a
           biofeedback device, researchers in the field of
           psychology had already investigated it (psychometry,
           psychophysics). The impact and value of those methods
           are controversial and frequently criticized as a form
           of biological reductionism.

           Even if the human sciences cannot fully explain what
           happens to individuals who allow themselves to be
           treated by the Hubbard method, it can be assumed that
           "dianetic technology" is merely a plain verbal
           therapy or a symbolic game. Instead, we are dealing
           with highly efficient psychological and social
           techniques (operant conditioning, trance inducement,
           suggestion, control of social behavior using psycho-
           and sociometry and systemic group control) that will
           change the outward and inward behavior of the
           candidate in the long-term.

           The exercises that are aimed at the experience of
           so-called "exteriorization" ("OT" state) are
           especially problematic. The occurrence of this
           phenomenon which has been thoroughly researched by
           the human sciences during certain meditation
           exercises, is used by Hubbard to buttress his
           dualistic paranormal body-soul theory. He stated that
           the spirit, postulated as a field of energy
           ("Thetan") can leave the "human machine." The alleged
           proof of this is a specific jump in the E-meter's
           needle ("Theta bop"). These exercises cause many
           customers to experience psychological peculiarities
           ranging all the way to mental distress that can be
           construed as illness. This leads to a desire for more
           training that resembles addiction and customers will
           go to any length (even financial) to get it.

           In its final report, the Investigative Commission
           confirmed that for people with a weaker constitution,
           auditing can lead to severe mental illnesses and even
           to suicidal tendencies. The Commission criticized the
           aggressive hard-sell methods used to induce customers
           to purchase these very costly trainings.

        4. The engineering-cybernetics organization theory

           At first glance, the organizational structure
           selected by Hubbard for Scientology in order to sell
           his tech-oriented personality growth and business
           management methods creates the impression that it is
           just another stringently led international
           corporation offering individuals a variety of
           services on the market for further training.
           (Narconon: "drug rehabilitation;" Criminon:
           "rehabilitation of criminals;" Applied Scholastics:
           "improved education;" The Way of Happiness
           foundation: "improvement of morality in society;"
           Citizen's Commission on Human Rights: "protection of
           patients from abuses of psychiatry.")
           Dyed-in-the-wool Scientologists point out, however,
           that the sale of these services is only a means to
           the end of "healing" everyone in order to "create a
           civilization without mental illness, without
           criminals and without war." They therefore consider
           Scientology a "social reform movement."

           Beyond its aim of acting as a therapy for
           individuals, which is supposed to be achieved by the
           First Dynamic Tech, Scientology claims to be in
           possession of a new technology for organization,
           administration and management to improve structures
           and functioning of all groups, organizations and
           officials. It calls it "Third Dynamic Technology."

             a. Third Dynamic Technology

                The organization sells this technology on a
                franchise basis to businesses and has them
                join the broad-based "World Institute of
                Scientology Enterprises" (WISE). The
                immediate objective of disseminating this
                management technology and binding clients
                from the business sector into WISE is the
                accumulation of economic power. The
                long-term strategy, however, is extending
                influence to society as a whole with the
                ultimate goal of taking power. This plan is
                quite easy to deduce from Scientology's
                program of social reform, which it
                describes as a "clear planet." The
                influence of Scientology on the economy in
                the United States is already so strong,
                that when entering into partnerships with
                German businesses, some larger US
                corporations refuse to accept contractual
                clauses protecting the German partner from
                the application of Hubbard technologies in
                their company.

                The "Third Dynamic Tech" and the way it is
                used were described by Hubbard in the
                three-volume "Management Series." To this
                day there have been no organization and
                sociological investigations as to the
                substance of these organization rules nor
                of the operational guidelines and the
                social and psychological effects of their
                potential implementation. This considerably
                impedes any discussion of the goals of the
                Scientological system and any appraisal of
                the potential hazards for its functionaries
                and customers on the one hand and for the
                state and society on the other. All that is
                currently possible at this point is a
                preliminary description and evaluation of
                the organization and social theory and its
                techniques.

                When described in full, the term "Third
                Dynamic Tech" from the Management Series
                really indicates a social theory of an
                engineer- and cybernetically-steered
                society in the form of a biotechnological
                system that can be compared to a
                superorganism. It also suggests the
                specific social techniques of technocratic
                social engineering necessary for the
                creation and maintenance of this type of
                system. And finally, it involves the
                disguised formulating of the general
                purpose of using these social techniques to
                create many little Scientological
                "superorganisms" and to ultimately drown
                the democracies in a global "superorganism"
                controlled by Scientology (cf. "The Ideal
                Org" in HCO PL, March 12, 1975). The social
                techniques proposed for use are linked to
                biotechnological steering and communications
                systems.

                The traits required from an ideal
                Scientology functionary in the new social
                system traits that must therefore be
                trained in the newcomer are those of the
                perfect technocrat, with absolutely blind
                obedience to the steering commands of the
                system, and with the ability to
                unrelentingly correct even the most minor
                deviations from the technical rules as well
                as exact total obedience from subalterns.
                The Scientological instructional goal for
                functionaries corresponds to the image of
                the authoritarian personality that T. W.
                Adorno and others noted in 1950 within the
                framework of clinical research into the
                inclination towards Fascistic-authoritarian
                ideologies.

             b. The engineering-cybernetics theory of control
                technology

                Using a carefully devised control
                technology, all "production processes" of a
                Scientological organization ("Org") are
                supposed to be steered without interruption
                as a form of perfect total quality
                management, whereby it makes no difference
                whether in the process of controlling
                inorganic or organic parts of the system
                are carefully tested for smooth function.
                The workers at their respective
                "workplaces" are described as parts of a
                "live organization" by Hubbard, but are
                nevertheless strictly subjected to the
                production processes and controlling
                mechanisms without the slightest regard for
                personal needs and freedom. They are
                treated as parts of a machine (HCO PL,
                November 2, 1970, re-released October 10,
                1980). This principle, borrowed from the
                cybernetic theory and technology of Norbert
                Wiener and translated into engineering was
                drawn up by Hubbard as an alleged "natural
                law" for all production, be that biological
                reproduction or production by human hands.
                It means that the guaranteeing of services
                in the area of Scientological "pedagogy"
                and "therapy" is considered a genuine
                production process and is therefore placed
                on equal footing with the production of
                wares. According to Hubbard's corporate
                philosophy and today's management of the
                organization, the Scientological
                "production organisms" manufacture the
                Scientologist as a "valuable final
                product." In the Management Series,
                Hubbard's "New Human" is not a person with
                self-determination, but rather an object,
                an organism that allegedly functions better
                after "processing" and has been
                incorporated into the Scientology
                superorganism as a system element. In order
                to draw the customers' attention away from
                this reality, they are promised the
                "acquisition of freedom" (HCO PL, January
                24, 1969, revised and re-issued on October
                10, 1985).

                Human intellect and spirit are totally left
                out in the Management Series. Even the
                "org's" "production organism" features are
                not treated from the intellectual
                standpoint, but from the purely
                technical-functional one. A "good
                Scientological org"  according to Hubbard
                owes its existence and effectiveness to
                the proper interaction of the following
                three organizational factors: 1) "Ethics;"
                2) "Tech;" 3) "Admin." The following
                "natural" principles are concurrent with
                these factors: Only after "ethics" have
                been introduced to a group is the practice
                of "Scientology Technology" possible (in
                other words, drill instruction, (cf. 4 c));
                ethics here translates into everyday
                language as: Everyone must immediately obey
                all commands of the system without
                contradiction (cf. 4 d). This, in turn, is
                the precondition for enforcing organization
                regulations. It is based on the principle
                of strict orders and obedience as is the
                case with military commands. A "healthy,"
                expanding organization is only possible
                when all three factors are functioning
                optimally (HCO PL, October 16, 1967).

                This "basic law" of the art of
                Scientological "management" was developed
                and consolidated using a cold, technocratic
                and often cynical language in hundreds of
                coordinated policy letters from Hubbard's
                communications office ("HCO PL"). Their aim
                is the establishment and expansion of
                Scientological organizations, the training
                of personnel, management of the
                organization internally and externally.
                Hubbard presented his organization and
                management model for the Scientology
                organization as the quintessential pattern
                for the development and leadership of all
                organizations in the future global society
                in all its sectors. Obviously, when it came
                to his concept of administration, Hubbard
                was convinced a conviction he raised to
                the rank of a "natural law"  that by
                strictly applying his technologies, one
                could turn individuals and society into a
                premium product by subjecting them to a
                continuous process, like the engine of a
                sports car.

                The organization rules for the
                establishment and control of Scientological
                organizations naturally recall the blue
                prints and operating guidelines of
                engineers involved in communications and
                robot technology about to install a fully
                automated production line made up of robots
                and computers. The organizational
                regulations call on the one hand for
                workers as "terminals," i.e. starting and
                ending points for the transmission of news
                and controlling commands, and on the other
                hand for workers as "machines," who for
                their part should develop "machines" able
                to produce (HCO PL, October 29, 1970); and
                finally there is a multi-layered system of
                controlling and steering powers, who are
                continuously performing psychological and
                socio-technical measurements. In the
                Management Series, Hubbard considers his
                organization's services as true
                manufacturing. He accordingly classifies
                his customers and trainees as "raw
                material" ("raw meat," "raw public,"
                "particles"). They are to be optimized into
                a "valuable final product" in a
                "mechanical" work process according to a
                prescribed model ("model session") and a
                prescribed technical processes that must be
                followed precisely and that recall the
                rules governing mechanical processes, i.e.
                algorithms. It's no coincidence that
                Hubbard speaks of "life repair" (HCO PL,
                August 20, 1979; HCO PL, September 21,
                1980).

                This biotechnological concept of a homo
                sapiens that can be modified by the methods
                of social engineering, a concept
                promulgated in the Management Series, gives
                not the slightest evidence of a religious,
                philosophical or psychological human image.
                Hubbard's human model represents the total
                negation of the human image of both
                religions and also of democracies.
                According to the democratic values system,
                the human being is an individual, i.e. a
                self-determining subject with human
                dignity, and not an artificial object that
                must be tuned up for higher functioning in
                a learning laboratory like in Huxley's
                Brave New World, and that is then declared
                a useful "final product" after a final
                check by the laboratory manager within the
                framework of a total quality procedure.

             c. Drilling the functionaries, learning the new
                language

                The organization and controlling bylaw is
                minutely implemented by Scientology
                management. In order set the production
                organism of an "org" to work, "tech"  that
                is, programmed learning and teaching drills
                 is applied to the workers to make them
                function perfectly for the "processing,"
                i.e. drilling of their clientele
                ("educating people with drills until they
                can think," HCO PL, April 26, 1970 R,
                re-examined on March 15, 1975; cf. the
                "Chinese school" drill method, HCO PL, May
                13, 1972).

                Of particular importance here is the
                learning of Hubbard's "Newspeak," which was
                designed for his "human machines." In it,
                he reconstructed in engineering terms the
                physical communicative relationships of
                human communication according to cybernetic
                theory and technology. That is why this new
                language is reminiscent of the jargon of
                telegraph technicians, communications
                engineers and computer programmers (cf.
                "Communication Formula," HCBO, April 5,
                1973). For outsiders without understanding
                of the engineering background, who take at
                face value the pseudo-religious ideology
                that wily Scientology PR professionals use
                to camouflage the system, this new language
                and the texts written in it will appear
                completely incomprehensible and will have
                no central significance. For the
                "terminals" and "production machines"
                working in his engineer-cybernetic
                operating system, Hubbard created a perfect
                machine code with his new language. His
                "human machines" can use it ("MEST")to
                communicate around the world and amongst
                themselves. They load "data" from their
                "database," their brain/consciousness (HCO
                PL, May 12, 1970) send it as a message to
                another "terminal" or have it reprogrammed
                through "false data stripping" (HCO PL,
                August 7, 1979) in case faults have been
                identified in their program or database
                during a check ("data series"). The
                Management Series is therefore very much
                rooted in engineering-cybernetics theory
                and technology, and are therefore in
                contradiction to the speculative Thetan
                teachings that he propounded in other
                writings.

             d. Unlearning feelings

                As a code for the representation of the
                physical world, Hubbard's cybernetic
                Newspeak possesses not a single expression
                for feelings or spiritual stimuli. Sympathy
                is even considered a fault in the
                Scientological value system. According to
                Hubbard, "sympathy" lowers the "potential
                for survival." In his Tone Scale, a table
                of values for emotions consisting of 40
                levels, which is used in tests to measure
                survivability, sympathy has been given a
                value of 0.9, in other words, it is totally
                devalued. Hubbard accordingly rejected
                charity and the welfare state.

                Nor is it astonishing that Hubbard came up
                with trainings that aim at systematically
                suppressing the expression of feelings: the
                stimulus process called "bullbaiting," for
                example, in which the candidate is supposed
                to learn to maintain equanimity under
                torture; or the mechanical drilling of a
                puppet-like body language for mimicry, eye
                contact, movements of the arms and legs,
                for the body in relation to closeness to
                and orientation towards other persons, for
                the manner of speaking regarding vocal
                emphasis, speed and vocal melody. These
                various non-verbal communication exercises
                that are aimed at the acquisition of an
                artificial body language ("TRs") are
                reminiscent of acting classes but belong to
                the field of conditioned instruction.

                The constant use of a technical language
                derived from engineering and the artificial
                non-verbal communications culture in social
                life no doubt gradually freezes up the
                emotional life of many functionaries and
                long-standing customers and with the moral
                sensitivities connected to an emotional
                life. For the candidates this could result
                in the evolution to the "one-dimensional
                person," a new technoid personality type
                described and criticized by H. Marcuse in
                his 1964 studies on the ideology of the
                late industrial society. For the ultimately
                trained top management and the Sea Org
                members, the "aristocracy" of the
                organization, a far more appropriate
                categorization is that of the related
                technological functional and battle person
                described by E. Jünger in "Der Arbeiter"
                (The Worker; 1932) as a further
                evolutionary step of technologizing mankind
                (cf. 5b).

                At the end of the 1940s, T. W. Adorno and
                his assistants carried out a study on the
                "authoritarian personality" in Berkley.
                Sociological research today can safely say
                that the materializing of the spiritual and
                a technologizing of interpersonal relations
                one of the conscious aims of
                Scientological training  represent
                significant conditions for the shaping of
                this personality type. When fully unfolded,
                the authoritarian personality manifests the
                following features: Reacts to commands in
                totalitarian systems: the authoritarian
                personality gives orders to perform inhuman
                measures without feeling any scruples, or
                will carry such measures out on being
                ordered to do so for the maintenance or
                expansion of the system's power. As a rule,
                he does not care whether these measures
                violate human rights or moral laws. He is
                satisfied to justify his actions by stating
                that they serve the system or are
                sanctioned by it. The authoritarian image
                of the human being is therefore in
                fundamental contradiction to the democratic
                one.

                Even long after leaving the organization,
                some of the former members who served as
                functionaries or were customers of the
                organization for many years complain of
                feeling cold inside and of lacking
                feelings. Relatives of Scientologists
                already note a change in their relatives'
                personalities shortly after they came in
                contact with the organization. They
                describe their behavior as "coldly
                calculating," "robotlike," "mechanical," or
                complain of "cynical" or even "sadistic"
                personal behavior. And even after leaving
                the organization similar behavior has been
                reported. Whether this attitude is the
                result of a neurotic illness still needs to
                be investigated.

                The phenomenon that most former
                functionaries and long-standing members
                have the hardest time explaining is why
                during their membership they considered
                critics of the system as true enemies, even
                if they were their closest relatives, and
                why they tried by all means to silence them
                as troublemakers. This cannot only be
                deduced from the development of an
                authoritarian personality structure. Some
                former members pointed out that in keeping
                with the system's doctrine, they considered
                their own welfare, "survival," would be in
                jeopardy if they broke off ties with the
                organization in obeyance to the wishes of
                their relatives. Creating this attitude is
                one of the manipulative strategies of the
                system, which thereby immunizes its members
                against incoming criticism. It's actually a
                well-tried social technique repeatedly used
                by totalitarian regimes. The idea is to
                make a dogma of close ties to the regime
                and of its continued existence as a vital
                commodity necessary for survival in order
                to recruit champions and soldiers for the
                defense and expansion of the system.

             e. Relentless pressure to perform by permanent
                measuring of the productivity of the "human
                machine" and its "aggregates"

                After setting up a "production org,"
                customers are brought into the "org" and
                "processed" by means of the methods laid
                out in No. 3. At this point, the
                educational shaping process of the workers
                is by no means ended. The performance of
                the workers, who come make contact with the
                customers according to fixed technical
                regulations in the manner of conveyor belt
                workers, are continuously and fastidiously
                measured as the basis for controlling and
                steering the individual and the "org." The
                measurement of this "outflow" serves both
                to evaluate the productivity of the
                individual worker, indirectly, however,
                management's as well. Hubbard furthermore
                raised statistics to the rank of a
                biological healing science. Through
                figures, the "survival potential" of
                individual workers and of the "org" can be
                measured. Statistics become the pivot of
                the entire Scientology system. They alone
                decide the fate, good or bad, of the both
                the lowliest functionary and the
                highest-ranking manager. Thanks to
                statistical results, each single worker,
                the top managers, indeed even the
                organizations are classified according to
                an evaluation system divided up into twelve
                steps, so-called ethics conditions
                ("confusion, treason, enemy, doubt,
                liability, non-existence, danger,
                emergency, normal, affluence, power change,
                power"), which determine the workers' value
                and standing within the "org" or vis-à-vis
                other "orgs." If the statistical results
                are poor (e.g. "non-existence"), the
                toughest punishment is meted out to improve
                personal productivity. Illness is no excuse
                here. Because perfectly trained
                Scientologists cannot fall ill after
                training. Poor statistics because of
                illness one particular reason for adopting
                "improvement measures," i.e., for hard
                training. According to reports by former
                members, statistics are abused for the
                ruthless disciplining and exploitation of
                employees, in order to urge them on to
                "production," which is the basis of the
                system's expansion. Measurements of
                expansion on a time-space graph is the
                indication of an "org's" strength (HCO PL,
                December 4, 1966).

             f. Potential for survival of the "human machine"
                and its "aggregates"

                Hubbard defines the term "survival
                potential" as a vitality function to be
                gauged according to production statistics
                (HCO PL, July 6, 1976). Application of his
                "technology" is intended to escalate this
                vitality function  meaning the entire
                human functional capacity in the physical,
                intellectual and spiritual areas  to the
                point of being superhuman level, whereby
                all functional defects including all
                psychosomatic illnesses, are to be
                eradicated on the "Bridge," a long,
                incredibly expensive course of training.
                Organizations are also given assurances of
                survival potential.

                Hence, Hubbard's biological view of the
                superhuman with perfect functionality and
                the greatest possible biological "power" is
                neither religious in the occidental sense
                of the word, nor, as the organization
                itself alleges, is it to be found in
                Buddhism. Rather, it stems from a
                biological theory of nature upon which has
                been added a fantasy superstructure
                (utopian scientism). The condition of
                "power," as mentioned above, is the highest
                level and consequently represents the
                highest value in the graded "ethics
                system." Hubbard considers the condition to
                be nothing other than the highest
                productivity in the work process, be that
                for the individual or in an organization.
                But he also means highest power in terms of
                a biological superhuman state that is to be
                guided to breakthrough for all of mankind
                by "will-power." In Scientology: 0-8: The
                Book of Basics, Hubbard explicitly mentions
                Nietzsche as a source for Scientology. The
                biological concept of power and the human
                machine model, which reduces the human
                being to a functional value, demonstrate
                that Hubbard intended to make good on
                Nietzsche's philosophy. Nietzsche's
                human-technological demands for a kind of
                social engineering that violates human
                dignity are no different from Hubbard's
                cynicism: "The task is to make people as
                useful as possible, and to make bring them
                closer to being machines, insofar as is
                possible: For this purpose, he must be
                furnished with the virtues of a machine (
                he must learn to experience the states in
                which he works as a useful machine as being
                of the highest value: And that will mean
                that others will possibly hold it against
                him, will possibly think him dangerous and
                disreputable" (unpublished works, Volume
                III (Collected Works), p. 630).

                The first axiom in Hubbard's "survive!"
                theory cannot be seen as a philosophical
                expression but rather as a biological one
                conceived as a biological theory that can
                be classified under the heading of social
                Darwinism. When conducting a philosophical
                debate with Scientology, one often
                overlooks the fact that the bulk of
                Scientological terms stem from a
                materialistic, i.e. biotechnical base upon
                which Hubbard built up his "technology."
                Hubbard, therefore, was never interested in
                possessing spiritual power, only biological
                power in the sense given by M. Foucault,
                the analyst of power.

             g. "Production" pressure by application of "ethics"

                The functional logic of the totalitarian
                organization and production theory of the
                system involves not only technocratic rules
                for organization set-up ("admin") and for
                training workers ("tech"), but also, as
                already mentioned above, rules for the
                management of workers ("ethics"). These
                regulations are also marked by the
                principle of total behavioral control using
                methods of compulsive instruction.

                The slightest deviation from a
                functionary's role regulations drilled for
                the purpose of "production" (ideal scene,
                HCO PL, July 5, 1970) are picked up in the
                "org" by a carefully worked out control and
                punishment system ("ethics"). The system
                knows no intimate sphere here. All means
                are permitted when it comes to examining
                member, in other words, turning them into
                "glass persons." The purpose of "ethics"
                control is to identify a functionary's
                "counter-intentions" or "other
                intendedness," and then to wipe out these
                intentions by using compulsive education.
                In order to identify potentially deviating
                intentions, so-called "knowledge reports"
                are sent to the so-called ethics officer
                when mistakes are made by workers that
                violate operational objectives.
                Self-denunciations are also to be written.
                All "knowledge reports" are collected in
                so-called "ethics files" to be used to
                increase the punishment level of a
                functionary's disciplining in the event of
                repeated failure on his or her part.

                For the "evaluation," the employee files
                and statistics are also taken into account,
                as is the previous "ethics condition."
                Since Scientological ethics is oriented
                towards worker performance that serves
                production  and hence expansion , it
                comes as no surprise that Hubbard pardons
                workers with high statistics, generally,
                too, crimes, i.e. immoral conduct (the
                so-called Khan-Khan Doctrine, HCO PL,
                September 1, 1965 VIII). For all intents
                and purposes, the system still operates
                according to this amoral, utilitarian
                ethical code of convenience to this day
                when it comes to systematically suppressing
                justifiable criticism, disseminating false
                propaganda, carrying out "lie drills" for
                workers, attacking critics by means of
                psychological terror, or cowering former
                members by threatening to publish their
                auditing data. Scientology applies a dual
                moral standard which operates according to
                the tenet "the end justifies the means."

                Furthermore, by carrying out so-called
                "security checks" consisting of relentless,
                inquisitorial questioning using a list of
                questions and a lie detector ("E-meter"),
                the system continuously ensures the loyalty
                of its workers. Customers, too, are
                subjected to those types of checks in order
                to determine the presence of any possible
                "counter-" or "foreign" intentions. Alleged
                deviations registered by the needle of the
                E-meter are immediately "repaired." One of
                the main "repair measures" is term
                clarification. The aim of this is to
                re-consolidate the new language in the
                deviant by practicing the system-specific
                definitions, and at the same time to
                restore his ideological conviction. No
                explanation is given as to the aim and
                effect of this program of linguistic
                conditioning. The fact that penal camp
                re-education is part and parcel of this
                repressive educational technique seems in
                tune with the logic of the system.
                Hubbard's role model for the "RPF" is
                obviously the "camp education" of the
                Communist and Fascist dictatorships.

                Individuals who hinder the manufacturing of
                the New Person from within the system or
                from the outside, are subjected to an
                especially palpable educational treatment
                by Scientology's technological
                instructional machinery. These
                troublemakers, who suppress "production"
                ("Suppressive Persons," HCO LP, October 16,
                1967) are "dealt with" using the most
                painful "educational measures" until they
                no longer represent a hindrance to the
                machine. The PTS/SP course "How to confront
                and smash suppression" (HCO PL, December
                23, 1965, revised on September 10, 1983),
                comprises a precise regulation with
                material and procedural rules for the
                definition of "suppressive actions" and how
                to stop them. Rejection of Scientology, for
                example, is considered a so-called major
                crime. Public statements against
                Scientology or Scientologists are
                prohibited. This set of rules confirms the
                point made that Scientology's social order
                is a system of total behavioral control
                using the harshest repression. It also
                demonstrates that Scientology stands and
                acts outside the democratic values system.

                Because of the inhumanly hard measures used
                by management to control behavior, workers
                are constantly under extremely high
                pressure to perform. This gives rise to the
                feeling of constantly having a bad
                conscience, of not having done enough. On
                the one hand, this will induce the workers
                to buy more expensive training sessions in
                order to increase their "productive power,"
                and on the other hand to lure new customers
                into the system, which will improve their
                statistics. At the heart of the system,
                then, lies an inhumane strategy of
                exploitation consciously aimed at enslaving
                both the workers and the customers. In one
                of his earlier command directives on the
                subject of "group health," Hubbard wrote
                about having to "use" people. Any other
                view of society is rejected as being
                "psychotic." (HCO PL, December 14, 1970).

        5. Scientology, the total cybernetic power of psychological
           diagnosis

             a. "Dianometry"

                Besides tough operational regulations, the
                system applies a vast testing battery of
                reciprocally coordinated and hierarchically
                gradated psychometrical and sociometrical
                measurement methods to constantly gauge the
                productivity of the "human machine." It
                seems that Hubbard realized early on the
                actual power his "psychodiagnostic"
                measurement and controlling process gave
                him over people. In 1951, he elaborately
                boosted his new idea of measurement called
                "Dianometry - Your Ability and State of
                Mind," whereby he did not even shrink from
                comparing himself to Adolf Hitler. He
                expressed admiration for the inventor
                Thomas A. Edison and for Adolf Hitler. Both
                men had been "intelligent, very able,
                brilliant, very successful." But there was
                more to it than just intelligence and
                energy. Hubbard then developed his
                cybernetic view of the human being and the
                respective testing methods (Technical
                Bulletins 1950-1953, p. 67).

                The system's fixation with permanent
                control via behavioral tests is also
                manifest in the extensive treatment of this
                topic in the Management Series. Under the
                entries "evaluation" and "evaluator" are
                over 350 references to relevant text
                passages. According to this, every
                "auditing" session is simultaneously a
                performance test. By the same token, all
                activities of a worker are constantly being
                subjected to testing. The manner of
                observation, analysis, registration and
                evaluation of behavior recalls the
                procedures used by engineers of the TÜV
                (Germany's technical watchdog association)
                in their testing laboratories.

                The implication, however, is that no one
                can penetrate to the actual core of the
                Scientology system  which involves
                permanent testing and programmed learning
                by purely philosophical and ideological
                discussion. That is also why Scientologists
                do not believe in philosophical or
                religious dogmas, they believe in their
                "optimizability" by way of tests they feel
                function and in the applied "technology."
                The task of a democratic legal state must
                therefore be to point out these methods, to
                reveal the threat they pose and to set up a
                defense. For the moment, however, the
                democratic legal state is insufficiently
                armed for this.

             b. On the way to a society of tests

                Over the course of the past decades, the
                dichotomy between philosophical experience
                of the world and scientific discoveries has
                continuously increased, more and more areas
                of our mind are being deciphered
                scientifically and can therefore be
                controlled technically (W. Ch. Zimmerli,
                1989). Society's diagnostic power to
                measure the productivity of its citizens,
                their needs and attitudes by way of tests,
                and then based on those tests to judge them
                on their usability for certain tasks in
                society, has therefore continuously grown.
                There is an unending number of tests that
                are constantly being sold on the services
                market. People especially in the workforce,
                whether simple employees or top managers,
                are always encountering tests in the
                process of further training, tests upon
                which their continuing professional paths
                depend.

                Applying and evaluating these tests is
                making increased use of the analytical
                capabilities of computers these days. Human
                resources development programs supported
                electronically function partly as teaching
                and learning aids for workers, but are also
                used as diagnostic instruments for the
                measurement of productivity. Cleverly
                designed organization software has been
                developed as a management tool for the
                optimizing of corporate output. With its
                assistance, corporate managers today are
                able to examine each individual worker via
                his or her "data shadow," which his or her
                work has left behind in the networked IT
                system of the company, thus making the
                worker a "glass person." This type of
                diagnosis  collecting, linking and
                processing personnel data in expert
                systems, or "data mining"  is prohibited
                (§ 206 Penal Code, § 43 BDSG ???).
                Nevertheless, in order to prevent damage to
                their totally networked  and hence very
                fault-sensitive information systems, more
                and more companies are making use of such
                diagnostic methods. With the excuse of
                searching for black sheep, performance
                profiles are increasingly being drawn up
                for workers for the purpose of a total
                quality management (Kaltenborn, 1999).

             c. Insufficient personal defense against the
                "testing powers"

                He who tests has power; by the test, the
                tested person is being delivered into the
                hands of the diagnostic power of the
                tester. If the tested person cannot check
                what kind of test is being applied and
                whether it was correctly applied, he or she
                may well become a pawn in the examiner's
                game. Even though personality tests
                penetrate deep into the citizen's right to
                self-determination where information is
                concerned, the state has to this date
                failed to set up proper defense mechanisms
                to protect its citizens from abuse. Hence,
                the Scientology system can continue selling
                its personality tests ("OCA test") to the
                business world unimpeded. The inflated
                claim of possessing total diagnostic
                knowledge is further underlined with the
                fact that for years now Scientology has
                been disseminating tons of propaganda
                material in Germany and thereby libelously
                attacked the forces of psychological
                diagnosis, psychiatry and classical
                psychology who are pledged to uphold the
                values system of the Basic Law. The
                democratic legal state, however, is not
                without a defense against this.

                In its document No. E/CN/4/1116 dated
                January 23, 1973, p. 71 ff., the Human
                Rights Commission of the United Nations
                described the dangers stemming from the
                abusive application of tests and drew up a
                series of recommendations for the
                "protection of the private sphere in the
                light of modern psychological and
                physiological methods to extract
                information." In Germany, these
                recommendations have not been implemented
                into law as of yet:

                     (1) The states will be asked to
                     legally regulate the use of
                     psychological testing procedures
                     outside consultations and
                     therapy.

                     (2) The use of psychological
                     tests should be primarily
                     oriented towards the claim to
                     protection of the individual and
                     only carried out by knowledgeable
                     and expert personnel.

                     (3) Special clauses should
                     regulate the possibility of
                     refusing test investigations
                     without disadvantageous
                     consequences and of appealing
                     consequences derived from the
                     test results.

                     (4) The only testing procedures
                     to be used in the area of
                     vocational training and work are
                     those that can be proven to have
                     a direct relationship to the
                     demands on hand.

                     (5) Use, confidentiality and
                     dissemination of test results
                     will require legal regulation.

                     (6) The use of personality tests
                     that permit conclusions on
                     unconscious and inner
                     psychological processes must be
                     subjected to especially severe
                     legal regulations in order to
                     guarantee the protection of human
                     rights.

                To protect the right to self-determination
                over information, psychological diagnosis
                via tests must be regulated as soon as
                possible. Systematic abuse of diagnostic
                power by Scientology could be hindered in
                this manner.

        6. From the manufacturing of the "human machine" to the
           cybernetic dictatorship

           This begs the question as to why individual workers
           and long-standing customers do not rebel against this
           humiliating compulsive control. The explanation lies
           in the following: The candidates are so profoundly
           impressed by the training experience they received in
           a trance, an experience that blew up their empirical
           view of the world, that they actually believe the
           promises of the organization suggesting they can help
           all of mankind by using their techniques. The fact
           that sacrifices must be made for the vision of a "new
           civilization," namely maintaining iron discipline,
           subjection to total control, permanent and excessive
           deployment of personal energy for work and one's own
           financial means, are all accepted as a necessary evil
           under these circumstances. They fail to see that they
           have been baited by behavioral tricks and are being
           held prisoner in a closed system by means of
           cybernetic control techniques. Because the candidate
           will not be enlightened to the fact that he or she
           was hypnotized during the decisive trainings. On the
           contrary, the organization always insists it does not
           use hypnosis. The bio-cybernetic controlling
           techniques cannot be identified by the customer,
           because Scientology does not divulge the fact of
           their use, in fact it even consciously deceives
           people about the use of these methods.

           In order to bind, Scientology abuses the social rules
           of games. Through and during games, the players can
           be made controllable and pliable, that is, they can
           be instrumentalized and enslaved. In
           systemic-cybernetic anthropology, playing games is
           seen as the primal adaptation of the human species
           and higher organisms to the environment and is
           therefore considered a special type of learning.
           Playing on and with the material and intellectual
           model of reality should serve to acquire and practice
           certain abilities. Using game theory, which
           differentiates between determinant, non-determinant,
           strategic and non-strategic games, cybernetics tries
           to explain the modifications in the behavior of
           people and groups (Flechtner, 1970). The network of
           interactions of a group's members is in itself seen
           as a game, and the totality of these interactions
           (the moves) is defined as a social system (F. B.
           Simon, 1995).

           Picking up on systems theory, Scientology sees itself
           as a network (HCO PL, December 4, 1966) and as a game
           system (HCO PL, December 4, 1966), for which new
           players must be found by means of special moves.
           Scientology gives the appearance of being an open
           system, in which a person can decide by himself when
           to begin and end a game. In truth, however, the
           system is set up to permanently maintain a hold on
           the other players, i.e., to turn them into integral
           elements of the system's structure. Systems bearing
           this characteristic are called "enslaving" in systems
           theory. When a system of this kind expands, the
           enslaved elements enhance the expansive force of the
           system like an avalanche within the context of a
           so-called synergy effect (H. Haken, 1981).
           Scientological management acts according to this
           systemic concept; this is what determines
           Scientology's expansion strategy.

             a. Auditing: playing with puppets

                In his theory of games conditions dated
                December 1, 1950 (PAB No. 101), Hubbard
                writes: "The most suitable answer to the
                riddle of life is play." (Quote
                re-translated from the German). He defines
                "auditing" as a "game" ("We audit the
                'Preclear' in all phases, as if playing a
                game"). (Quote re-translated from the
                German). In "Preconditions for auditing"
                dated June 12, 1956 (PAB No. 88), Hubbard
                explains that during auditing one should
                avoid turning to the subjective self, the
                mind, as much as possible, and instead try
                to teach the "Preclear" the ability to
                "play a game," at the end of which he can
                "win." This technique of setting up games,
                namely by having the players aim for a win,
                is the reason that many customers and
                workers can no longer leave the Scientology
                system.

                The games of Scientology, which, as we have
                just shown, are based on the model of
                quasi-mechanical interaction, can be
                classified under the rubric control games,
                which leave the player without the
                slightest freedom. The player becomes a
                puppet, an object that can only be modified
                by the trainer alone. Hubbard's axiomatic
                concept stating that all trainings on the
                "Bridge" are pedagogical-therapeutic
                instructional games throws a light onto the
                reason and motive for the hundreds of
                mysterious trainings (e.g., practicing with
                an ashtray or learning "control" by the
                repeated stereotypical performance of a
                walking movement in the form of "start,
                change and stop"). The "auditor" plays a
                training game with the "human machine" that
                recalls a children's game, so that "it"
                should learn in the future to move about
                the world with the precision of a robot, to
                conceive of the world as a physical
                instrument and to control it with ever
                greater assurance. The American film
                Matrix, apparently a cult film for the
                higher-level Scientologists, provides a
                very vivid illustration of this fantastical
                cybernetic anthropology.

                The sheer banality of Scientological games
                is so extreme in the case of the so-called
                Objective Processes, that the practitioners
                obviously develop an urge to over-spice
                them semantically, i.e. to mystify them in
                order to achieve the verbal experience of
                gain. The fact that the exercises merely
                have a technical and operative purpose,
                namely learning to perform with precision
                certain movement sequences on command, is
                seldom realized by the candidates. The aim
                of the "processing" is at first playful
                interaction as such. As with infant games,
                the idea here is not to supply a certain
                meaning, as would be the case with a
                symbols game, but rather just plain doing
                (sensor-motoric functional game). Because
                these "meaningless" games can be
                interpreted in many ways, the candidate is
                always free to find a winning "cognition,"
                with which every game ends, by way of
                auto-suggestion; in the process, the
                functional game is obviously elevated to
                the rank of a game of symbols. This is
                facilitated by the fact that the candidates
                are often been induced into a trance by the
                stereotypical exercises that sometimes go
                on for hours and so the experience of the
                trance becomes the aim of the exercise.

                This trick of having the player reinterpret
                a meaningless action to be a meaningful
                event appears to be very effective. Thanks
                to their "winning experience," which they
                have to protocol after each game, the
                customers are drawn deeper and deeper into
                the overall game of Scientology. The
                incentive to continue is the promise of the
                constant increase of the "winning" while
                passing through the many courses on the
                "bridge." The use of this method in
                advertising is called incentive technique.
                The fact that ever greater financial and
                personal sacrifices must be performed, is
                taken into account by the customers and
                functionaries, who have apparently become
                addicted to playing. As an unscrupulous
                salesman and manipulator of his own
                functionaries, Hubbard points out in his
                "Marketing Series" how important it is not
                to enlighten the public as to the
                mysterious experience they have just had in
                order to facilitate selling them more
                courses (HCO PL, June 25, 1978, rereleased
                August 31, 1979). The customers become
                puppets in the hands of the trainers, who
                in turn are puppets of the system.
                Customers and trainers often fail to notice
                that as opposed to what Scientological
                propaganda says, they are not progressing
                along a spiritual path, but instead have
                been trained to become perfectly
                functioning "human machines" for a system
                that is in the process of expanding. As
                with chain letters, they are being used as
                bait to lure new players.

                The pressure from the machinery is so
                strong that even functionaries who have
                seen through the aggressive sales
                techniques (hard sell) allow themselves to
                be convinced over and over again to
                purchase more trainings, even if they are
                at the edge of financial ruin. The
                ideological conditioning seems to break
                down all natural forces of resistance.

             b. The strategy behind expansion plans and
                activities

                Of particular significance in cybernetic
                game theory are those games involving
                competition and battles and therefore focus
                on a conflict that one wants to decide in
                one's own favor by the application of a
                winning strategy. (G. Klaus, 1969;
                Flechtner, 1970). In the Management Series,
                the Scientology system and all its
                organizations is explicitly described with
                implicit reference to the cybernetic theory
                of strategic games as a player of a
                strategic game. It is depicted as playing
                against the rest of the world (HCO PL,
                December 4, 1966, February 2, 1970). In
                order to win this game, the players are
                drilled for "battle plans" (HCO PL, August
                22, 1982) and in "strategic planning" (HCO
                PL, January 5, 1983). Typically, the table
                of contents of the Management Series has
                about 40 references to the topic "war" and
                about 15 references to "battle." Therefore,
                the Management Series could as a whole be
                interpreted as a handbook for logistics and
                cybernetic strategy for the global
                take-over Scientological management is
                striving for.

                The use of strategic and military
                terminology as well as the fact that the
                Scientology system has in fact armed itself
                for its expansion as if going into battle
                show that this is not just an overreaction.
                In its core area it has adopted a military
                form of organization.

                The SeaOrg, whose members wear uniforms,
                thinks of itself as a military order whose
                task is to clear away obstacles in crisis
                areas, when expansion has ceased. The
                secret service called OSA, which "is to
                provide a secure environment for
                expansion," acts as a paramilitary group.
                Its agents and those of the SeaOrg
                management are given hands-on special
                training for their "missions" and
                "operations" drawn mostly from the book of
                strategic theory written by the Chinese
                author Sun Tsu (500 BC). This work is a
                guideline for fighting and espionage
                techniques that stand beyond any moral or
                legal considerations. The other source of
                strategy is the "Manual of Justice," in
                which Hubbard prescribed how to efficiently
                silence opponents using dirty methods.
                Evidently, these teachings have already
                been put into action against critics of the
                organization worldwide.

                By formulating a strategic goal and
                applying the organizational models provided
                by the military, Hubbard made good use of
                the social bonding forces that weld
                together a commando group in the midst of a
                mission. This gives rise to an adapting of
                perceptions, to a common world view and
                perspective on action (J. Ruesch/G.
                Bateson, 1995). As a clever social
                pedagogue, Hubbard provided the commando he
                created with no lesser a motivation to
                fight than the securing of "the survival of
                all mankind." This, too, is another
                psychological trick from the arsenal of
                totalitarian propagandists and incentive
                specialists, who use it to stage sales
                campaigns and also social movements.

                Scientology's coordinated rules and
                regulations of organizing, of education and
                of systematic control leads to a
                puppet-like instrumentalization and
                ultimately enslavement of both workers and
                customers. It can be traced to an abuse of
                the know-how derived from systems theory,
                information theory and control theory. The
                eventuality of that kind of abuse has long
                been discussed in scientific theory, but
                the actualization of the danger was always
                assumed to be improbable (H. Stachowiak,
                1989). This is surprising, because ever
                since N. Wiener's discovery of cybernetic
                principles, the then East Bloc in
                particular concentrated on intense research
                into, and practical applications of, this
                new scientific theory and technique.
                Obviously the powers that be were hoping to
                use the new technology to optimize the
                system of planned economies. Research into
                cybernetics was even written into the party
                programs of the USSR and the GDR (G.
                Klaus/H.Liebscher, 1970). In cybernetic
                theory and practice, the Marxist-Leninist
                ideologues even saw scientific proof for
                the correctness of dialectical materialism
                (G. Klaus/M. Buhr, 1964, 1972). In spite of
                worldwide application of the concepts and
                techniques of systems, information and
                control theories even in the economies of
                democratic societies, Scientology's
                ordinary cybernetic approach to theory and
                practice and the abuse associated with this
                new knowledge of administration and control
                remained unknown to this day.

                One significant reason for this is probably
                the fact that the radical aspect of this
                technocratic approach, which suggests that
                a social system can be set up solely on the
                basis of engineering and cybernetic theory
                and practice and that humans can be
                degraded to the level of robots, simply
                defies the normal power of imagination.
                What has also been overlooked until now is
                that the term "Thetan" in the Management
                Series refers to an independently ordering
                control unit that controls another system
                (HCO PL, December 4, 1966). A similar idea
                can be found in serious cybernetics (Haken,
                1981). The engineer-like stringency of the
                Management Series does raise the suspicion
                that this opus does not even stem from
                Hubbard's quill, but rather was the work of
                ice-cold technocrats who used the sci-fi
                author and fantasist Hubbard in order to
                disguise their cynical power games. If the
                Management Series was in fact written by
                Hubbard, one might then believe that he
                only drew up his Thetan myth as a "mystery
                sandwich" (HCO PL, June 25, 1978) in order
                to facilitate luring the public into his
                exploitative machinery.

                The key to explaining the totalitarian
                system of Scientology and its bonding power
                is not necessarily to be found in the
                pseudo-religious superstructure that many
                of the lower Scientologists believe in but
                hardly the authors and executives of the
                Management Series regulations. Rather, it
                lies in the ability to use behavioral and
                systemic-cybernetic knowledge of
                domination, to steer, instrumentalize and
                enslave people and to unscrupulously apply
                this know-how without regard for human
                dignity and human rights.

                Amongst the techniques cumulatively used
                are:

                     (1) Motivation of customers and
                     workers through constant use of
                     so-called incentive techniques in
                     advertising and in courses  by
                     promising a winning, happiness or
                     success; manipulative stimulation
                     of a feeling of happiness while
                     under hypnosis or by systematic
                     over-stimulation of the organism
                     (e.g. by excessive rounds in the
                     sauna during the so-called
                     Purification Rundown); reflecting
                     ideal goals to disguise the
                     totalitarian claim to power and
                     the build-up of an
                     anti-democratic position of power.

                     (2) acclimatization of a new
                     engineering language with the
                     purpose of operationally
                     restructuring thought and deed;
                     unlearning of natural body
                     language.

                     (3) Instruction in how to hold
                     controlling power over other
                     people by:

                       a. learning drills
                       b. programmed learning
                       c. operative conditioning by
                          reinforcing desired behavior
                          and suppressing unwanted
                          behavior
                       d. permanent, systematic group
                          control

                     (4) Indoctrination using a false
                     anthropology (in part by alleging
                     the possibility of total control
                     over mind and psyche by measuring
                     the body's electricity, and in
                     part by using instructional
                     technology).

                     (5) Awakening a kind of addiction
                     in customers and workers to
                     constantly participate in the
                     "prize game" of Scientology.

                     (6) Exploitation of this
                     addiction

                       a. by usurious pricing of
                          courses
                       b. by exploiting workers

                     (7) Systematic abuse of
                     scientific, social and cultural
                     knowledge and of the values it
                     provides for a human treatment of
                     body, mind and soul in the
                     preparation for business, in
                     trainings, in managing workers
                     and in the discussion with
                     critics.

                The strategic approach as it appears in the
                Management Series allows the following
                assessment of Scientology's manner in
                conducting business: Under the guise of
                friendliness and social reform, it enslaves
                workers and customers in a technologically
                steered society of control (cybernetic
                dictatorship) and tries to propagate and
                advance the transformation of the
                democratic social order into a cybernetic
                dictatorship.

        7. Techno-totalitarianism, a threat to the democratic values
           system in the 21st Century

           Both Scientology's agenda and its method of approach
           represent a new type of totalitarianism. In order to
           subjugate people and its own organizations, the
           system uses behavioral and cybernetic controlling and
           steering mechanisms (techno-totalitarianism or
           cyber-fascism). Hubbard probably borrowed his vision
           of making society shed its "aggressions" by means of
           behavioral instructional technology from B. F.
           Skinner. In his 1948 book Walden Two, Skinner
           propounded a similar program of reeducation for
           society to Hubbard's. However, as opposed to Hubbard,
           Skinner made clear that for his proposed attempt at
           education, individuals would have to waive freedom
           and dignity. In spite of the fact that the
           anthropological theory of unlimited human pliability
           through instructional technology has long been
           disproved, the realm of further training (management
           training) is increasingly using such techniques for
           the alleged optimization of the individual.

           Hubbard's human-technological concept of "optimizing"
           is completely in tune with the tradition of
           "Scientific Management" devised by the engineer F. W.
           Taylor. At the beginning of the 20th century, Taylor
           used engineering means evaluated the work performance
           and behavior of American factory workers, divided
           them up into individual functions and created new
           rhythms, i.e., mechanized and dehumanized them
           (Taylorism), with the aim of optimizing performance.
           Max Weber felt that this technique of disciplining
           people outwardly and inwardly using scientific
           methods was a typical form of domination in modern
           times (cf. here The New Human Being: A 20th-Century
           Obsession, exhibition at the German Museum of Hygiene
           in Dresden, 1999). The actual potential danger
           emanating from Scientific Management, namely the
           possibility of abuse for totalitarian aims, was
           described by the Russian engineer and author Yevgeny
           Zamiatin in a manner that is still valid to this day.
           In 1920 already, at the time Max Weber was expressing
           his criticism of Taylorism, he explained the ability
           of the Bolsheviks to collectivize Russia's society
           and to enslave the individual by excessive use of the
           methods of Scientific Management. In his satirical
           utopian novel We, in which Zamiatin ripped apart
           Bolshevism, people are controlled as "numbers"
           according to the Taylor method, in other words on the
           basis of mathematical laws. The price for their
           perfect technical operation is the loss of their
           souls. The strategy of a complete technologizing of
           personal and social conditions (social engineering)
           that Zamiatin created as a characteristic of
           totalitarianism is also used indisputably by
           Scientology. Typically, when describing their method
           of modification for the individual and society, the
           organization does not use such terms as "ideology" or
           "psychology," but rather "technology."

           In the special report written by four experts on the
           Investigative Commission, Scientology is referred to
           in terms of the scientific orientation of its
           theories and practice, but the system is not
           classified as a creed under the heading religion but
           rather in the postmodern realm of science and
           technology as ideology (scientism). Quite obviously,
           Scientology is part of the new cultural currents that
           the American sociologist N. Postman described and
           critiqued as "Technopol" (1991), while his colleague
           G. Ritzer did the same, speaking of the
           "McDonaldization" of society (1993). Postman fears
           that society is being debilitated by the power of
           technology; Ritzer foresees the danger of an "iron
           cage" for society if technological advances continue
           as they are. The American computer scientist J.
           Weizenbaum sees the same threat and warns against a
           unilateral orientation of society towards cybernetic
           scientism and its unfettered progress (1976).

           The control and steering mechanisms and the
           psychometric measurement and evaluation procedures
           used on individuals reveal Scientology to be a
           typical representative of the "Technopol." The
           cultural criticism expressed by the American
           scientists quoted above might appear exaggerated, but
           it nevertheless appropriately describes our society's
           increasing tendency towards a
           biological-technological orientation, and it
           certainly applies to the practical methods of
           Scientology. German future scientists also see
           similar dangers as the American writers. The
           Frauenhofer Institut for Labor and Organization (JAO)
           in Stuttgart has developed three possible future
           scenarios for the 21st century. Two optimistic models
           are contrasted with the "Metropolis" model, which
           consists of a dismal variation of Postman's
           "Technopol." The Bavarian-Saxon Commission for the
           Future also feels that without adopting the
           appropriate countermeasures, a development in the
           "Metropolis" direction cannot be entirely excluded.

           Our society has hardly taken note of the risks that
           an unbridled cybernetic technologizing of our social
           life sources (cybersociety) might imply, especially,
           however of the methods of Scientific Management  in
           the shape of cybernetic corporate organization and
           control  that are applied in a part of our economic
           life. Scientology is an extremist representative of
           this trend towards increasing technologizing. Even if
           the Scientology organization has been under
           surveillance by the Office for Protection of the
           Constitution as an anti-constitutional movement, and
           even if numerous member of the organization have left
           it as a result of the government's educational
           campaign, there can be no relaxing of vigilance. To
           defend from the dangers emanating from excessive use
           of instructional technology of behavioral slant and
           from cybernetic controlling techniques, ethical and
           legal standards of behavior ought to be decreed as
           soon as possible for the protection of the
           individual. Therefore, legal regulation of the
           commercial psychology and further training market
           must be introduced soon, as the Investigative
           Commission recommended, and the diagnosis of
           personalities by testing must also be addressed.

                                 Bibliography

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      Kritische Modelle 2, Frankfurt/Main 1969

      Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior, The Scientology
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      Behnke, K., Fuchs, J. (Ed.), Zersetzung der Seele. Psychologie
      und Psychiatrie im Dienste der Stasi, Hamburg 1995 (2nd edition)

      Deutscher Bundestag (German Parliament), Final Report of the
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      Dittrich, A., �tiologie-unabh�ngige Strukturen ver�nderter
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      hypnotische Verfahren sowie Reiz�berflutung, Stuttgart 1985

      Flechtner, H.-J., Grundbegriffe der Kybernetik. Eine
      Einf�hrung, Stuttgart 1970 (5th edition)

      Haken, H., Erfolgsgeheimnisse der Natur, Synergetik: Die Lehre
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      Munich 1989

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      in der DDR, Berlin 1998

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      Vernunft (USA 1976), Frankfurt/Main 1977

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 ===

AMERICAN SCIENTIST
Autumn Issue. Volume 38 October 1950 Number 4

Sacred Cows in Collision
author Yvette Gittleson

An article from the 1950 American Scientist authored by Yvette Gittleson is based on
author Norbert Wiener's new book called The Human Use of Human Beings, subtitled
Cybernetics and Society, (Wiener first published Cybernetics in 1948.) The article
includes a discussion and critique of L Ron Hubbard's "employing the use of engineering"
as it pertains to a total lack of science in Dianetics, and observes the fact that Hubbard had cybernetics, and got it wrong." See if you can't find what Hubbard may have used in concept from Wiener, as Cybernetics was a best-seller at the time. This is yet another voice that shares more in concept of what Hubbard used for his own work as he sneakily pinned the credit on his own lapel.

http://www.lermanet.com/scientologynews/american-scientist-1950.htm

The section about Dianetics is titled, De Profundis Via Dianetics

http://www.lermanet.com/scientologynews/american-scientist-1950.htm#dianetics

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